and polemic. In order to make an overview and a comparison possible, I will focus on the following topics in the treatment of each theological concept: 1. The basic theological positions. 2. The interpretation of history which follows therefrom. 3. The relationship of theory and praxis. Although Lutherans constantly appeal to Luther’s two kingdoms doctrine2 and its use in Lutheran tradition, there is no one uniform doctrine, but many. Even in Luther’s writings and certainly in the Lutheran tradition